21 Articles about Data Science & AI from Sept 2024

Vector Embeddings Explained: A Beginner’s Guide to Powerful AI

Why vector databases are more than databases

“Neural network pruning is a key technique for deploying AI models based on deep neural networks on resource-constrained platforms” 

How Perplexity AI is Transforming Data Science and Analytics 

An Intuitive Guide to Integrate SQL and Python for Data Science

AI Definitions: Supervised training 

Hyperspectral processing and geospatial intelligence

How to Import Data in R

Ai Definitions: Reinforcement Learning  

Seven Common Causes of Data Leakage in Machine Learning

Understanding the Basics of Reinforcement Learning

5 Common Data Science Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

The “latest sign that quantum computing has emerged from its infancy”

Storage technology explained: Vector databases at the core of AI

Researchers looking at the quantity and quality of AI research papers shows China is leading the way

“A planned constellation of spacecraft that will allow the U.S. military to rapidly track, target and destroy an enemy’s ground forces”

The risk of war as China & Russia build arsenals of weapons that could target American satellites

A pilot program for accrediting geospatial models for the National System for Geospatial intelligence

8 Important Quotes About Ethical Issues Raised by AI

A joint mission management center has been set up as intelligence agencies look to streamline satellite imagery delivery

A new way to build neural networks that could make it easier to see how they produce their outputs

27 Articles from August about Data Science & AI

Experts warn U.S. falling behind in satellite imaging race: ‘We’ve gone backwards’ – Space News

Experts say the US military has to predictive tracking of orbital threats – Space News 

Chinese broadband satellites may be Beijing's flying spying censors, think tank warns – The Register

AI large language model (LLM) aboard the International Space Station – Satellite ProMe 

Sustained deep learning requires a random, non-gradient component to maintain variability and plasticity – Nature

AI Coding Assistants: 12 Do’s and Don’ts – The New Stack

AI and machine learning are among the highest research and development priorities for the DoD – Military Aerospace

A workaround for the scalability limitations of deep neural networks – Nature

SpaceX launches more than 100 satellites into orbit for both government and commercial outfits – SpaceWatch

Top Coding Skills for Data Science Professionals – Analytics Insight

Is the next frontier in generative AI transforming transformers? – VentureBeat

Using synthetic data to train foundational LLMs – Enterpriseai News 

AI Definitions: Neural Networks 

China is providing satellite intelligence for military purposes to Russia – Business Insider

Research team uses satellite data and machine learning to predict typhoon intensity - PhysOrg 

How diffusion and other tricks are making AI models smarter – The Economist

Speeding Up Your Python Code with NumPy, a Python package – KD Nuggets

10 top vector database options for similarity searches – Tech Target  

You don’t necessarily have to submit your paper to get an LLM review delivered to your inbox – Stat Modeling   

Developing Neural Network’s called KANs for greater flexibility when learning to represent data - Spectrum

AI Definitions: Machine Learning 

A ballooning number of spying technologies inside and outside Earth's atmosphere are making military maneuvers and materiel nearly impossible to hide – Axios

Comparing ChatGPT, Claude, & Gemini on various data science and analytics tasks – Toward Data Science

NTIA advocates open-source AI foundation model weights with sufficient risk mitigation frameworks in report to White House – Next Gov  

How Transformers Outperform RNNs in NLP and Why It Matters - Appinventiv

A tutorial on implementing a federated LLM approach, where an agent sends data to a cloud-based LLM, which then outputs functions and arguments – the New Stack

AI Overload: Navigating the US Intelligence Community’s Data Deluge – Global Security Review

30 AI & Data Science Articles form July

Using data from high-resolution satellite images. USC researchers say have developed an AI model that they say accurately predicts where a wildfire will go next

A Look Under the Hood of Scopus AI: Elsevier’s search tool for scholarly testing

Bayesian Thinking in Modern Data Science

When AI makes a fatal mistake, who’s to blame? Air Force Secretary weighs morality and reality

An AutoML Framework Designed to Synthesize End-to-End Multimodal Machine Learning ML Pipelines Efficiently 

Tracking AI-Related Activities in the Private Sector 

A collection of tutorials focused on visualizing data

Could TTT models replace transformers to become the next frontier in generative AI? 

US spy satellite agency rethinks its relationship with Space Force

AI definitions: Algorithms

Direct, specific instructions for computers created by a human through coding that tells the computer how to perform a task. This set of rules has a finite number of steps that instruct the computer how to perform a task. More specifically, it is code that follows the algorithmic logic of “if”, “then”, and “else.”   

Do LLMs need a strong model of the world to get past its limitations? This author argues that isn’t the issue.

How to assess a general-purpose AI model’s reliability before it’s deployed

Big Data Analytics in 2025: Top Trends to Watc

A Look at the technology & hardware that make spy satellites work 

The US military will award a $3 billion contract for AI-driven geospatial intelligence this fall

“For every ML model that you consider deploying, make sure that your data scientists provide you with a full view of its potential business value”

Tools every data scientist should know: A practical guide

AI Definitions — Agents

Unlike AI prompts requiring user conversations, AI agents work in the background. Users provide a goal (from researching competitors to buying a car) and the agent acts independently, generating task list and starting to work. The industry is working toward a goal of agents operating independently. More AI definitions here:  

“Trump’s allies are drafting a sweeping AI executive order that would launch a series of “Manhattan Projects” to develop military technology

AI model harnesses physics to autocorrect remote sensing data

10 GitHub Repositories to Master Data Science 

A Graph Reinforcement Learning-Based Handover Strategy for Low Earth Orbit Satellites under Power Grid Scenarios

AI definition: Digital Twin

This means replicating the physical in a virtual environment. The twin might be a copy of us or the objects around us, such as a video avatar of a person or a statistical model of a complex phenomenon...  

15 Graphs That Explain the State of AI in 2024

“What do we need from a probabilistic programming language to support Bayesian workflow?”

Certifications that can boost your data science career in 2024

The case for decentralized data scientists 

AI Definitions: Retrieval augmented generation (RAG)

This coding technique instructs the bot to cross-check its answer with what is published elsewhere, essentially helping the AI to self-fact-check. RAG lets companies “ground” AI models in their own data, ensuring that results come from documents within the company.    

Satellite Images Show Expansion of Suspected Chinese Spy Bases in Cuba

Artificial intelligence can speed-sort satellite photos

Helping nonexperts build advanced generative AI models

Why AI systems like ChatGPT are so good at some tasks and so bad at others

Researchers say they have created a machine learning algorithm that processes satellite data to more accurately & efficiently predict space weather conditions caused by solar activity

27 Articles about AI & Data Science from June 2024

The best Large Language Models (LLMs) for coding in 2024

Air Force leaders appear to be having second thoughts on the “Next-Generation Air Dominance

Has the era of Graph Foundation Models already begun?

Neural Algorithmic Reasoning for Transformers: The TransNAR Framework

The US Army is launching a pilot project that will allow its acquisition and contracting staff to use generative AI to streamline tasks like contract writing and data analysis

Researchers say they have developed a new machine learning model that allows individual artificial neurons to receive feedback and adjust in real-time, making AI models more efficient and energy-saving when processing data

A EU tech company says it has successfully implemented its first quantum communication network in existing fiber optic infrastructure

Data centers around the world could consume more than 800 terawatt-hours of electricity in 2026, roughly twice the amount consumed in 2022

A short and simple definition of “big data”

NGA launches new training to help personnel adopt AI responsibly

“Generative AI is very good at replicating parts of software programs but what if you want to create something new smart human coders will still be needed.”

China’s Geespace deploys a satellite constellation in the Middle East

Recurrent quantum embedding neural network and its application in vulnerability detection

Could data science soon face a reproducibility crisis?

Meta on training its large language models at scale

AI Definitions: Synthetic Data

5 Free University Courses to Learn Coding for Data Science

Machine learning solutions can miss the mark when data scientists don’t check their assumptions. Adopting a beginner’s mindset in any domain can help.

New technique can automate data curation for self-supervised pre-training of AI datasets

“The space architecture adopted by the Space Development Agency — small satellites in a proliferated constellation — is being emulated across the Space Force.”

Selection bias leads to confusion about the relative stability of deterministic & stochastic algorithms

“The US is warning allies that China has stepped up its support for Russia, including by providing geospatial intelligence”

AI company launches coding assistant trained on over 80 programming languages

How data scientists can leverage ChatGPT

8 new data science roles created by AI

A Dozen Recent Articles about AI & Coding

How I Use ChatGPT as A Data Scientist (paywall)

31 Articles about Data Science & AI from May

A significant upgrade to the US space-based surveillance powers 

Vector databases were an obscure technology until Pinecone and other startups turned it into a billion-dollar market amid the AI boom

Behind the scenes: A breakdown of what my data science role truly entails

How the Pentagon is making use of AI with spy satellite data

Some of the recent neural networks breakthroughs shaping AI

AI Definitions: Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) 

Thinking about implicit bias in large language models

A Guide to working with SQLite databases in Python

A Russian counter space weapon launched into space poses a threat to US satellites

How to build neural networks for node classification

China launches four high-resolution remote sensing satellites

New Insights into Transformer Neural Networks and Their Performance Dynamics

AI Definitions: Vector Databases

Geospatial tech has found its place in almost all the sectors

Charting the course for small satellite market growth

The NGA is injecting machine learning & computer vision across its operations

A satellite imagery company has released a large dataset of high-resolution imagery to train foundational Earth observation AI models

As AI and ML shape the future of computer engineering, here are some key trends and their implications

Microsoft has developed a generative AI platform exclusively for the US intelligence community

Few breakthroughs have done so much in so little time as the AI design known as a transformer

Supercharging Graph Neural Networks with Large Language Models

Recurrent Neural Networks: An Introduction to Sequence Modelling

Big AIs in Small Devices using tensor networks 

The most useful data analyst tools ranked

A look at the “rising trend of LLMs in AI, their trailblazing effect on industry working sectors

The attempt to transfer electronic neural networks into the optical domain

When are Foundation Models Effective?

Deep learning for high-resolution seismic imaging

Why the US military is hitting the brakes on generative AI

Have smaller open source foundation models begun replacing proprietary models?

Many businesses rush to adopt AI but fail due to poor strategy. Here’s the “ultimate AI strategy playbook”

33 Articles from April about Data Science & AI

 A starter guide to data structures for AI and machine learning 

Understanding neuro-symbolic AI

Novel Bayesian Deep Learning Model with Kernel Dropout Designed to Enhance the Reliability of Predictions

Denoising Radar Satellite Images with Python Has Never Been So Easy 

Transform Neural Networks are “revolutionizing natural language processing”

The proliferation of LLMs and the generative AI movement have created fertile ground for vector database technologies 

AI Definitions: Deep Learning

Generative AI in Content Creation for data science, data engineering, & machine learning

Vector databases in AI and LLM use cases

14 Articles about AI & the US Military

The Pentagon wants to build thousands of easily replaceable, AI-enabled drones

Embedding AI to escalate geospatial

Geospatial Data Analysis using a Python library called Geemap for creating interactive maps 

A neural network microchip from China that uses photons instead of electrons can run AI tasks as well as its electronic counterparts with a thousandth as much energy

Researchers have seen neural networks discover novel solutions to problems by grokking them

Six examples of AI for parsing geospatial data

AI Definitions: Small Language Models  

Some of the most influential deep learning architectures: CNNs, RNNs, GANs, Transformers, and Encoder-Decoder architectures 

Applying the 6 steps of the INSPIRe framework to accelerate your code generation for LLMs

Why small language models are the next big thing in AI

About 9.6K satellites are in orbit generating a growing demand for businesses that specialize in traffic management and satellite monitoring 

The Math Behind Fine-Tuning Deep Neural Networks

Large language models are capable of feigning lower intelligence than they possess

10 top use cases for vector databases that generate organizational value

‘Lavender’: The AI machine directing Israel’s bombing in Gaza 

The resurgence of vector databases has led to a challenge to graph and relational approaches 

The math behind neural networks 

Technical Debt & Ethical Debt

Deep dive into Sora’s diffusion transformer by hand

China launched its first Yaogan-42 satellite adding to the country’s growing military satellite reconnaissance capabilities

Here are ten algorithms that are a great introduction to machine learning for any beginner

Why transparency leads to ethical and fair AI systems

Julia vs. Python for data science

25 AI & Data Science Articles from Feb 2024

Generative AI can improve -- not replace -- predictive analytics

The NGA is supercharging its use of commercial satellite imagery & analytics with a new program dubbed “’Luno’”

China is building its own Starlink—even as questions surround Musk's constellation

This machine learning study tests the transformer’s ability of length generalization using the task of addition of two integers

Understanding transformers, how they've advanced LLMs—and what may replace them

Scale AI to set the Pentagon’s path for testing and evaluating large language models

How to solve binary classification problems using Bayesian methods in Python 

A quick rundown of the impact AI will have on data roles across the organization

Some of the top R packages every data scientist should be familiar with them 

Python Libraries for Geospatial Data Visualization: Transform Your Maps into Stories 

A list of premier YouTube channels exploring large language models

Python code commenting as a data scientist

New intelligence related to Russia’s attempts to develop a space-based antisatellite nuclear weapon 

The excitement surrounds large language models to the detriment of other equally valuable machine learning methodologies 

10 Prominent Data Science Predictions 2024

Bayesian Analysis with Python

Tech Companies turned Ukraine into an AI War Lab

The pace of innovation in the space sector is picking up thanks in part to AI and machine learning 

What a data scientist looks like in 2032 is likely to be starkly different than today

What an AI-powered future of data science looks like

Sony AI’s tech predictions for the year ahead 

10 emerging data science trends 

A machine learning engineer and data scientist has applied for more than 1,000 roles without any success

An empirical analysis about whether ML models make more mistakes when making predictions on outliers 

How a Surge in Satellites Will Revolutionize Intelligence

Tech Companies Turned Ukraine Into an AI War Lab

The collaboration between foreign tech companies and the Ukrainian armed forces, who say they have a software engineer deployed with each battalion, is driving a new kind of experimentation in military AI. The software processes raw intelligence from sources including drones, satellites, and Ukrainians on the ground, as well as radar that can see through clouds and thermal images that can detect troop movements and artillery fire. AI-enabled models can then present military officials with the most effective options to target and enemy positions.

Read more from TIME

15 Articles about Data Science & AI published in January

AI Definitions in Simple Language

AI Definitions

Agents - Unlike AI prompts requiring user conversations, AI agents work in the background. Users provide a goal (from researching competitors to buying a car) and the agent acts independently, generating task list and starting to work. 

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) - AI that possesses human-level intelligence that can evaluate complex situations, apply common sense, and learn and adapt.  Beyond the goal of AGI lies the more speculative notion of "sentient AI," the idea that these programs might cross some boundary to become aware of their own existence and even develop their own wishes and feelings. 

AI Evolution

  1. Generative AI sounds like a person.

  2. AGI (artificial general intelligence) reasons like a person.

  3. Sentient AI thinks it's a person.

AI model collapse - The idea that AI can eat itself by training on internet data until it runs out of fresh data and trains on it’s on product or the product of another AI. Thus, errors and bias are magnified and rare data is more likely to be lost.

AI winter  - A period where funding and interest in the field subsided considerably.

*Algorithms - Direct, specific instructions for computers created by a human through coding that tells the computer how to perform a task. This set of rules has a finite number of steps that instruct the computer how to perform a task. More specifically, it is code that follows the algorithmic logic of “if”, “then”, and “else.”  

See the Entire List

19 Articles about Data Science & AI from Nov 2023

The Bitter Lesson

There’s a famous essay in the field of machine learning known as “The Bitter Lesson,” which notes that decades of research prove that the best way to improve AI systems is not by trying to engineer intelligence but by simply throwing more computer power and data at the problem. The lesson is bitter because it shows that machine scale beats human curation. And the same might be true of the web. Read more at The Verge

24 August articles about Data Science, AI, & Space

US spy satellite agency isn’t so silent about a coming launch that will allow it to access potential threats by continually track other objects in geosynchronous orbit 

The top geospatial intelligence brands in the world

China’s Constant Spying On Australian Drills From Space A Sign Of Shifting Orbital Balance

What is a liquid neural network, really?

7 ChatGPT Prompts To be a Better Data Scientist

What are LLMs bad at? Reference lists

“Space science is such a rarefied field that the developers don’t have the security skills to do a rigorous shakedown of a satellite”

GenAI Is Making Data Science More Accessible

5 Things You Need to Know When Building LLM Applications

What a hijacked satellite could do

Finding: “The larger the satellite the more vulnerable it was” to hacking

A study into the feasibility of hacking low-Earth orbit satellites has revealed that it's worryingly easy to do

Four types of learning in machine learning explained

Five essential Python packages for effectively handling and visualizing valuable insights from geospatial data

Stability AI known for its text-to-image generation model called Stable Diffusion has now released a

code generator called StableCode

Researchers say they have developed an optical neural network that can “significantly reduce the size and processing time of image sensors”

The importance of data cleaning in data science —what it is, the benefits of using it, & the commonly used tools

IBM and NASA open source an AI model for geospatial data analysis

AI startup Sweetspot is a search engine using LLMs to look for specific U.S. government contracts

How can Data Scientists use ChatGPT for developing Machine Learning Models?

“Five mistakes I made while switching to data science career”

“Liquid neural networks, a novel type of deep learning architecture offer a compact, adaptable and efficient solution to certain AI problems”   

Physicists have found that deep-learning AI technology can accurately quantify the amount of entanglement in a given system 

Scientists have trained a machine learning model in outer space

24 Data Science & AI Articles from July 2023

The future space economy could encompass activities that currently aren’t being pursued at scale, such as in-orbit manufacturing, power generation, & space mining, as well as scalable human spaceflight 

Will the future be filled with “networks of autonomous drones, deployed around the globe, helping humans keep conflict in check … or maybe the skies will darken with attack swarms”

A basic explanation of geospatial data & geospatial technology—how they are used and their limitations

Our hesitation, perceived or otherwise, to move forward with military applications of artificial intelligence will be punished

Our Oppenheimer Moment: The Creation of AI Weapons 

The AI-powered, totally autonomous future of war Is here

Experts imagine what artificial intelligence could mean for the future of satellites, space entrepreneurship, and government defense systems 

How much coding is needed in a data science career?

10 Specific Predictions about AI

A look at what sets Meta’s Llama 2 apart from its predecessor & other large language models—here’s the technical details & implications for data scientists

US sharpens military space race plan as Space Force is challenged to compete with China  

A review of major data science and AI developments during the first half of 2023

What’s missing from ChatGPT and other LLMs?

How does Bayesian inference work when estimating noisy interactions?

A US Army project called "Real-Time Threat Forecasting" hopes to create AI that can forecast enemy actions just minutes before the enemy actually does it—and continuously update that forecast as adversaries change their tactics

OpenAI rolls out a ChatGPT Plus feature called the Code Interpreter that can write and execute python code, and can work with file uploads

A primer on large language models

The latest trends in artificial intelligence and deep learning from the metaverse to quantum computing

“I don't think generative AI will displace predictive analytics"

Understanding the difference between advanced and predictive analytics

The advantages of Causal AI over traditional machine learning

Most of the large language models developed in China are nearly 2 years behind the US—a gap that would be a challenge to close even if American firms had to adjust to regulation

A Chinese satellite manufacturer and constellation operator says it has successfully demonstrated space-to-ground high-speed laser communications— transmitting data 10x faster thanks to lasers

The engineering applications of machine learning and predictive analytics

27 Data Science & AI articles from June 2023

An argument for bigger quantum neural networks

In-orbit demonstration of a re-trainable machine learning payload for processing optical imagery

7 ways ChatGPT makes you code better and faster

Are data scientists still needed in the age of generative AI? Not according to this opinion piece

Making Predictions: A Beginner’s Guide to Linear Regression in Python

Air Force studying ‘military applications’ for artificial intelligence like ChatGPT  

24 articles worth reading about the dangers of AI (beyond security issues)

Open-source AI chatbots are booming

A hacking conference (DEF CON 31) has invited hackers to find bugs and biases in AI  

9 articles worth reading about the security dangers of AI

Neural Networks need data even fake data to learn: Why researchers turn to synthetic data to train their artificial intelligence systems

China tests first-ever low-Earth orbit constellation to rival SpaceX's Starlink

Intelligence analysts confront the reality of deepfakes  

The NGA is hailing the value of AI tools & machine learning to analyze 1000s of satellite images

How the rise of low Earth orbit satellites can disrupt how militaries fight

Space Force reconsiders the use of the Global Positioning System constellation

USGIF white paper on GEOINT opportunities created by AI related to synthetic training data

A look at how the commercial satellite economy got to where it is today

Mastering the art of data storytelling: A guide for data scientists

A system based on Google DeepMind’s AlphaZero AI can create algorithms that will sort data faster than algorithms built by people

A visual introduction to neural networks

Asking ChatGPT to write you a malicious code

Mutating malware can be built using the ChatGPT

New US spy satellites to track Chinese, Russian threats in orbit

Five ways to help your data science team collaborate more effectively

Many commercial-satellite operators are still creating overly ambitious plans

NGA: AI has come a long way but “not good enough” to justify a pause in development

26 articles about Data Science & AI published this month

A tutorial on how to perform a deep learning task in R

Why North Korea's satellite launch attempt may be 'first of many'

A deep dive into GPT models: evolution & performance comparison

Data science is “about building, training and maintaining AI systems”

Is data science evolving into a branch of contemporary AI?

NRO hopes AI & machine learning will help it as it is “awash in satellites and their data”

New app aims to streamline ordering satellite images from more than a dozen companies

UC Berkeley researchers weigh in on neural networks

Israel aiming to become an “AI superpower" by streamlined combat decision-making

Five key components that contribute to the successful scaling of data science projects

“China’s embrace of AI for warfare has touched off alarm bells everywhere from Silicon Valley to the Pentagon”

BlackSky suggests China may be hacking Western satellites using laser directed-energy weapons

OpenAI uses its GPT-4 language model to write explanations for the behavior of neurons

HuggingChat Python API is a free & open source alternative to commercial chat offerings such as ChatGPT

Python Pandas is an open-source toolkit for data scientists using the Python—here’s what it can do

Never neglect to monitor your machine-learning models

China lands mysterious spaceplane after 276 days in orbit

Some essential statistical concepts applicable in data science and machine learning

Pentagon & intell agencies are making it clear they plan to use such tools as ChatGPT

A simple introduction to Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT)

What exactly is data science and how did it get its start?

The USGIF has set up a new working group focused on “Space Situational Awareness”

Can ChatGPT work as a personalized tutor for learning data science concepts?

Solving complex AI Tasks with HuggingGPT

Liquid neural networks could generalize to scenarios that they had never seen

Four different approaches to data analytics

33 Data Science & AI articles from April 2023

Drones equipped with liquid neural networks edged out other AI systems when navigating unknown territory

A pitch for using cultural consensus theory to mitigate large language model bias  

An inside look at geospatial intelligence with the CEO of the US Geospatial Intelligence Foundation

The base rate fallacy and its impact on data science

Some examples of how AI is advancing current space efforts

China is building sophisticated cyber-weapons to "seize control" of enemy satellites (FT subscription)

We might see as many as 65,000 satellites in orbit by 2030

“The disruptive nature of the 4IR, which brings both complex risks and unprecedented opportunities”

"The Chinese military could soon deploy a high-altitude spy drone that travels at least three times the speed of sound” 

How many satellites are orbiting around earth?

The core topics you need to focus on to become an AI Data Scientist

China is trying to get around export restrictions to acquire military-relevant technology, such as "launchers with intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and communication satellites”

Launch providers must make tricky decisions on how to ramp up capacity as the space economy expands

An overview of some the most influential Deep Learning papers of the last decade

AutoGPT basics

KD Nuggets offers predictions for AI in the next decade 

The 10 most innovative space companies of 2023

An advanced satellite surveillance imagery system—the LAPIS time-series video

60 ChatGPT prompts for data science with ratings

“Claims the NGA unlawfully bypassed their commercial product to sink funds into a $376 million project”

“The new DoD satellite acquisition model favors a spiral development timeline” 

When data scientists are working with sparse data, there are several machine learning models to help

“A national scarcity of geodesists could threaten critical intelligence community missions”

“Geodesy is an essentially nonexistent expertise in the US”

China’s military aims to launch 13K satellites in the race for low-earth orbit dominance

Why you don’t need big data to train machine learning

The Top 19 skills you need to know in 2023 to be a data scientist 

Why the chances of being able to fully explain AI may become impossible for humans to comprehend

Activation functions can be used to design neural networks that achieve better performance on any dataset 

Can neural networks be optimized for certain tasks? MIT researchers think so

How rapid growth in drone use and EU Regulations will accelerate demand for satellite connectivity 

How to Use ChatGPT to Improve Your Data Science Skills

A short video explanation of geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) in simple terms